A model for the adjective “expensive” for coffee makers, headphones, laptops, sweaters, and headphones, as presented in Ref:Lassiter2013adj.
Assume a speaker said “an expensive watch” when they could have said nothing.
///fold:
// "price" refers to the midpoint of the bin that participants marked a slider for
// "probability" refers to the average of participants responses, after normalizing responses for each person for each item.
var coffee = {
"prices": [2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 78, 82, 86, 90, 94, 98, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142, 146, 150, 154, 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202, 206, 210, 214, 218, 222, 226, 230, 234, 238, 242, 246, 250, 254, 258, 262, 266, 270],
"probabilities": [0.00394425443541116, 0.00566290387321734, 0.00825676850536135, 0.0128170636252316, 0.016825062585583, 0.0252551834871954, 0.028468923991368, 0.0287662881619652, 0.0282906782393822, 0.0298574213919862, 0.0289804109562303, 0.0294934077950995, 0.0282267499972963, 0.027150810280172, 0.0263590035097067, 0.0281826763029633, 0.0279055635543465, 0.0278411275661919, 0.0278729305091271, 0.0260779123427457, 0.025504052957576, 0.0244726498427457, 0.0245886104865853, 0.0244622094919612, 0.0245026711395991, 0.0215246465554349, 0.018590665797836, 0.0178546907780941, 0.0171993717256383, 0.0162494284404094, 0.0160224797974072, 0.0153063570140879, 0.0146233597944038, 0.0137848051705444, 0.0143326737593802, 0.0134490255028661, 0.0135790032064503, 0.0138226943563312, 0.0131925119561275, 0.0126370445876965, 0.0106890591752964, 0.0106020628239155, 0.0101185949533398, 0.00911819843666944, 0.0106104999317876, 0.0109322919246626, 0.0107129834142186, 0.00837168284710854, 0.0080750721559225, 0.00804082264332751, 0.0067313619453682, 0.00627460791368519, 0.00589113687110393, 0.00540523790626922, 0.00552727879179031, 0.00550309276614945, 0.00523220007943591, 0.00511881990396121, 0.00512531318796172, 0.00518250532794681, 0.00363644079549071, 0.00358121922955672, 0.00340485508432679, 0.00300204070158435, 0.00285900767263514, 0.00307193123371249, 0.00265238954722026, 0.00259519926379722]
};
var headphones = {
"prices": [3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33, 39, 45, 51, 57, 63, 69, 75, 81, 87, 93, 99, 105, 111, 117, 123, 129, 135, 141, 147, 153, 159, 165, 171, 177, 183, 189, 195, 201, 207, 213, 219, 225, 231, 237, 243, 249, 255, 261, 267, 273, 279, 285, 291, 297, 303, 309, 315, 321, 327],
"probabilities": [0.0100932350462178, 0.0170242011533158, 0.0239368832461044, 0.0287274552724317, 0.0335581038692007, 0.0340978261675896, 0.0343161232972866, 0.0360390185911639, 0.036657423324831, 0.0363628055611882, 0.0363696076759004, 0.0349562074307856, 0.034074002420704, 0.0319526478383908, 0.0310094760253021, 0.0310633591664631, 0.0306213012447122, 0.0267011137913525, 0.0258670033914898, 0.0258502350122376, 0.025023519418377, 0.023483875551852, 0.0220028560428636, 0.0214970268323533, 0.0208370797134518, 0.0179036695749784, 0.0171528323730662, 0.0146789727474624, 0.0151970966046565, 0.0144002087359724, 0.0133747582315602, 0.0123806405169515, 0.0120269613954518, 0.0114214380586013, 0.0119920388378585, 0.011383038780713, 0.0113361342839428, 0.0109751373856222, 0.00862772988748631, 0.00849834370871022, 0.00929436665963529, 0.00977137935316548, 0.00855300304060609, 0.00704341088484788, 0.00760242506144268, 0.0066676293070587, 0.00664151547908964, 0.00631842654192989, 0.00633866335810551, 0.00617281009506307, 0.00588389192288987, 0.00480853638779448, 0.00438645078845164, 0.00381072308793509, 0.00323537982338538]
};
var laptop = {
"prices": [25, 75, 125, 175, 225, 275, 325, 375, 425, 475, 525, 575, 625, 675, 725, 775, 825, 875, 925, 975, 1025, 1075, 1125, 1175, 1225, 1275, 1325, 1375, 1425, 1475, 1525, 1575, 1625, 1675, 1725, 1775, 1825, 1875, 1925, 1975, 2025, 2075, 2125, 2175, 2225, 2275, 2325, 2375, 2425, 2475],
"probabilities": [0.00143805356403561, 0.00271785465081783, 0.00606278580557322, 0.00969025393738191, 0.0148967448541453, 0.0198125393878057, 0.0241329166751748, 0.0295996079491818, 0.0330742235328304, 0.0361264464785417, 0.0401533300800443, 0.0409948060761354, 0.0413284234227614, 0.0403647740154393, 0.0401794950623575, 0.0389208352425967, 0.0381211282626673, 0.0380271843819898, 0.0337130710333348, 0.0320869893997556, 0.0303954589742173, 0.0290371975286599, 0.026737673556754, 0.0259385656770147, 0.0246868317621353, 0.0229019589247208, 0.0214921049215865, 0.0206506505418053, 0.0194727089077923, 0.0192606778139999, 0.016502461425033, 0.015779852769427, 0.014573698680051, 0.0141934767007475, 0.0128416097234241, 0.0124983882714321, 0.011580082968956, 0.0111057181921517, 0.0107390517842162, 0.0097877804629936, 0.00869628232285698, 0.00796157687645315, 0.00781439122831209, 0.0074127159955819, 0.00686298004874477, 0.00667898701991275, 0.00628316286073362, 0.00606433685126466, 0.00552579230999036, 0.00508236108646155]
};
var sweater = {
"prices": [1.5, 4.5, 7.5, 10.5, 13.5, 16.5, 19.5, 22.5, 25.5, 28.5, 31.5, 34.5, 37.5, 40.5, 43.5, 46.5, 49.5, 52.5, 55.5, 58.5, 61.5, 64.5, 67.5, 70.5, 73.5, 76.5, 79.5, 82.5, 85.5, 88.5, 91.5, 94.5, 97.5, 100.5, 103.5, 106.5, 109.5, 112.5, 115.5, 118.5, 121.5, 124.5, 127.5, 130.5, 133.5, 136.5, 139.5, 142.5, 145.5, 148.5, 151.5, 154.5, 157.5, 160.5, 163.5, 166.5, 169.5, 172.5, 175.5, 178.5, 181.5, 184.5, 187.5, 190.5, 193.5, 196.5, 199.5, 202.5, 205.5, 208.5, 211.5, 214.5, 217.5, 220.5, 223.5, 226.5, 229.5, 232.5, 235.5, 238.5],
"probabilities": [0.00482838499944466, 0.00832934578733181, 0.0112952500492109, 0.0173774790108894, 0.0232006658974883, 0.0258422772579257, 0.0278986695293033, 0.0295289411585088, 0.0306833716679902, 0.0318318597751272, 0.0337834568516467, 0.0339921053872795, 0.0344439315108449, 0.033934432265521, 0.032462878943956, 0.031189466255733, 0.0308771801297135, 0.028870440122745, 0.0268081450723193, 0.0255858806436071, 0.0251329374896422, 0.0228478370318916, 0.0204321414255458, 0.0198885290723185, 0.018227461808914, 0.0175834655975716, 0.0162564776853142, 0.0157731201439098, 0.0152929182194243, 0.0150019091787104, 0.0149289099733278, 0.0141896849640091, 0.0139276040018639, 0.0134566451556076, 0.0121362548659773, 0.0108558348756676, 0.010613387912742, 0.010091436302254, 0.0098485635160309, 0.00934441306894098, 0.0085581357559821, 0.00679765980394746, 0.00693786098620408, 0.00696322949112243, 0.0070065216834756, 0.00642780104088309, 0.0064321559380608, 0.00656481702666307, 0.0062031359060876, 0.00687959185242292, 0.00510183619524203, 0.00519749642756681, 0.00498195289503402, 0.00463848039694862, 0.00446827225938831, 0.00434243838506282, 0.00454705086043589, 0.0045914966088052, 0.00451510979961212, 0.00443992782954235, 0.00329590488378491, 0.00349426470729333, 0.00329078051712042, 0.00323849270094039, 0.00302968185434419, 0.00294213735024183, 0.00335510797297302, 0.00328341117067163, 0.00329874147186505, 0.00306305447627786, 0.00262071902879654, 0.00274925007756808, 0.00246374710845232, 0.00262910011008071, 0.00248819809733968, 0.00211124548886266, 0.00204178897873852, 0.00208550762922333, 0.00204890779502054, 0.00228129283166782]
};
var watch = {
"prices": [25, 75, 125, 175, 225, 275, 325, 375, 425, 475, 525, 575, 625, 675, 725, 775, 825, 875, 925, 975, 1025, 1075, 1125, 1175, 1225, 1275, 1325, 1375, 1425, 1475, 1525, 1575, 1625, 1675, 1725, 1775, 1825, 1875, 1925, 1975, 2025, 2075, 2125, 2175, 2225, 2275, 2325, 2375, 2425, 2475, 2525, 2575, 2625, 2675, 2725, 2775, 2825, 2875, 2925, 2975],
"probabilities": [0.040844560268751, 0.0587099798246933, 0.0656194599591356, 0.0667642412698035, 0.0615953803048016, 0.0510809063784378, 0.0467203673419258, 0.0446735950187136, 0.040047421916613, 0.0350583957334483, 0.0297508215717606, 0.0256829651118227, 0.024135920250668, 0.0228891907259206, 0.021706684520276, 0.0186449440066946, 0.0187249266247728, 0.0179250744798993, 0.0173698811746238, 0.0165581725818319, 0.0160745066032247, 0.0127927305129066, 0.0113730680265067, 0.0109485307623827, 0.00923468422650943, 0.00899007751887508, 0.00880520147998275, 0.00838023585866885, 0.00841052411004918, 0.00828830635037619, 0.00834008093757411, 0.00750681534099784, 0.00724072133740109, 0.00717291664158004, 0.00682823777708754, 0.00646995193940331, 0.00697139732982518, 0.00711846547272734, 0.00698781312802354, 0.00732316558583701, 0.00594973158122097, 0.00557461443747403, 0.00541637601910211, 0.00518850469148531, 0.00572025848989677, 0.0051443557601358, 0.00510282169734075, 0.00493720252580643, 0.00560198932991028, 0.00519158715054485, 0.00473398797752786, 0.00540907722833213, 0.00494653421540979, 0.00495500420164643, 0.00494083025189895, 0.00481566268206312, 0.00442965937328148, 0.00441189688100535, 0.00415116538135834, 0.00361842012002631]
};
var data = {
"coffee maker": coffee,
"headphones": headphones,
"laptop": laptop,
"sweater": sweater,
"watch": watch
};
var prior = function(item) {
// midpoint of bin shown to participants
var prices = data[item].prices;
// average responses from participants, normalizing by item
var probabilities = data[item].probabilities;
return function() {
return prices[discrete(probabilities)];
};
};
var theta_prior = function(item) {
// midpoint of bin shown to participants
var prices = data[item].prices;
var bin_width = prices[1] - prices[0];
var thetas = map(function(x) {return x - bin_width/2;}, prices);
return function() {
return uniformDraw(thetas);
};
};
///
var alpha = 1; // rationality parameter
var utterances = ["expensive", ""];
var cost = {
"expensive": 1,
"": 0
};
var utterance_prior = function() {
return utterances[discrete(map(function(u) {return Math.exp(-cost[u]);}, utterances))];
};
var meaning = function(utterance, price, theta) {
if (utterance == "expensive") {
return price >= theta;
} else {
return true;
}
};
var literalERP = cache(function(utterance, theta, item) {
var price_prior = prior(item);
return Enumerate(function() {
var price = price_prior();
condition(meaning(utterance, price, theta));
return price;
});
});
var speakerERP = cache(function(price, theta, item) {
return Enumerate(function() {
var utterance = utterance_prior();
factor( alpha * literalERP(utterance, theta, item).score([], price) );
return utterance;
});
});
var listenerERP = function(utterance, item) {
var price_prior = prior(item);
var theta_prior = theta_prior(item);
return ParticleFilter(function() {
var price = price_prior();
var theta = theta_prior();
factor( alpha * speakerERP(price, theta, item).score([], utterance) );
return {
price: price,
theta: theta
};
}, 1000);
};
// draw graphs
///fold:
var print_graph = function(item) {
print(item);
vizPrint({
"price_prior": Enumerate(prior(item)),
"theta_prior": Enumerate(theta_prior(item))
});
vizPrint(listenerERP("expensive", item));
}
var items = ["coffee maker", "headphones", "laptop", "sweater", "watch"];
map(print_graph, items);
""
///
In our prior elicitation experiment, we asked participants to create a binned histogram of prices for 5 different kinds of objects (coffee maker, headphones, laptop, sweater, watch). Average responses are shown below and used as background data for our adjectives model.
// experiment data is in fold
///fold:
// "price" refers to the midpoint of the bin that participants marked a slider for
// "probability" refers to the average of participants responses, after normalizing responses for each person for each item.
var coffee = {
"prices": [2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 78, 82, 86, 90, 94, 98, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142, 146, 150, 154, 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202, 206, 210, 214, 218, 222, 226, 230, 234, 238, 242, 246, 250, 254, 258, 262, 266, 270],
"probabilities": [0.00394425443541116, 0.00566290387321734, 0.00825676850536135, 0.0128170636252316, 0.016825062585583, 0.0252551834871954, 0.028468923991368, 0.0287662881619652, 0.0282906782393822, 0.0298574213919862, 0.0289804109562303, 0.0294934077950995, 0.0282267499972963, 0.027150810280172, 0.0263590035097067, 0.0281826763029633, 0.0279055635543465, 0.0278411275661919, 0.0278729305091271, 0.0260779123427457, 0.025504052957576, 0.0244726498427457, 0.0245886104865853, 0.0244622094919612, 0.0245026711395991, 0.0215246465554349, 0.018590665797836, 0.0178546907780941, 0.0171993717256383, 0.0162494284404094, 0.0160224797974072, 0.0153063570140879, 0.0146233597944038, 0.0137848051705444, 0.0143326737593802, 0.0134490255028661, 0.0135790032064503, 0.0138226943563312, 0.0131925119561275, 0.0126370445876965, 0.0106890591752964, 0.0106020628239155, 0.0101185949533398, 0.00911819843666944, 0.0106104999317876, 0.0109322919246626, 0.0107129834142186, 0.00837168284710854, 0.0080750721559225, 0.00804082264332751, 0.0067313619453682, 0.00627460791368519, 0.00589113687110393, 0.00540523790626922, 0.00552727879179031, 0.00550309276614945, 0.00523220007943591, 0.00511881990396121, 0.00512531318796172, 0.00518250532794681, 0.00363644079549071, 0.00358121922955672, 0.00340485508432679, 0.00300204070158435, 0.00285900767263514, 0.00307193123371249, 0.00265238954722026, 0.00259519926379722]
};
var headphones = {
"prices": [3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33, 39, 45, 51, 57, 63, 69, 75, 81, 87, 93, 99, 105, 111, 117, 123, 129, 135, 141, 147, 153, 159, 165, 171, 177, 183, 189, 195, 201, 207, 213, 219, 225, 231, 237, 243, 249, 255, 261, 267, 273, 279, 285, 291, 297, 303, 309, 315, 321, 327],
"probabilities": [0.0100932350462178, 0.0170242011533158, 0.0239368832461044, 0.0287274552724317, 0.0335581038692007, 0.0340978261675896, 0.0343161232972866, 0.0360390185911639, 0.036657423324831, 0.0363628055611882, 0.0363696076759004, 0.0349562074307856, 0.034074002420704, 0.0319526478383908, 0.0310094760253021, 0.0310633591664631, 0.0306213012447122, 0.0267011137913525, 0.0258670033914898, 0.0258502350122376, 0.025023519418377, 0.023483875551852, 0.0220028560428636, 0.0214970268323533, 0.0208370797134518, 0.0179036695749784, 0.0171528323730662, 0.0146789727474624, 0.0151970966046565, 0.0144002087359724, 0.0133747582315602, 0.0123806405169515, 0.0120269613954518, 0.0114214380586013, 0.0119920388378585, 0.011383038780713, 0.0113361342839428, 0.0109751373856222, 0.00862772988748631, 0.00849834370871022, 0.00929436665963529, 0.00977137935316548, 0.00855300304060609, 0.00704341088484788, 0.00760242506144268, 0.0066676293070587, 0.00664151547908964, 0.00631842654192989, 0.00633866335810551, 0.00617281009506307, 0.00588389192288987, 0.00480853638779448, 0.00438645078845164, 0.00381072308793509, 0.00323537982338538]
};
var laptop = {
"prices": [25, 75, 125, 175, 225, 275, 325, 375, 425, 475, 525, 575, 625, 675, 725, 775, 825, 875, 925, 975, 1025, 1075, 1125, 1175, 1225, 1275, 1325, 1375, 1425, 1475, 1525, 1575, 1625, 1675, 1725, 1775, 1825, 1875, 1925, 1975, 2025, 2075, 2125, 2175, 2225, 2275, 2325, 2375, 2425, 2475],
"probabilities": [0.00143805356403561, 0.00271785465081783, 0.00606278580557322, 0.00969025393738191, 0.0148967448541453, 0.0198125393878057, 0.0241329166751748, 0.0295996079491818, 0.0330742235328304, 0.0361264464785417, 0.0401533300800443, 0.0409948060761354, 0.0413284234227614, 0.0403647740154393, 0.0401794950623575, 0.0389208352425967, 0.0381211282626673, 0.0380271843819898, 0.0337130710333348, 0.0320869893997556, 0.0303954589742173, 0.0290371975286599, 0.026737673556754, 0.0259385656770147, 0.0246868317621353, 0.0229019589247208, 0.0214921049215865, 0.0206506505418053, 0.0194727089077923, 0.0192606778139999, 0.016502461425033, 0.015779852769427, 0.014573698680051, 0.0141934767007475, 0.0128416097234241, 0.0124983882714321, 0.011580082968956, 0.0111057181921517, 0.0107390517842162, 0.0097877804629936, 0.00869628232285698, 0.00796157687645315, 0.00781439122831209, 0.0074127159955819, 0.00686298004874477, 0.00667898701991275, 0.00628316286073362, 0.00606433685126466, 0.00552579230999036, 0.00508236108646155]
};
var sweater = {
"prices": [1.5, 4.5, 7.5, 10.5, 13.5, 16.5, 19.5, 22.5, 25.5, 28.5, 31.5, 34.5, 37.5, 40.5, 43.5, 46.5, 49.5, 52.5, 55.5, 58.5, 61.5, 64.5, 67.5, 70.5, 73.5, 76.5, 79.5, 82.5, 85.5, 88.5, 91.5, 94.5, 97.5, 100.5, 103.5, 106.5, 109.5, 112.5, 115.5, 118.5, 121.5, 124.5, 127.5, 130.5, 133.5, 136.5, 139.5, 142.5, 145.5, 148.5, 151.5, 154.5, 157.5, 160.5, 163.5, 166.5, 169.5, 172.5, 175.5, 178.5, 181.5, 184.5, 187.5, 190.5, 193.5, 196.5, 199.5, 202.5, 205.5, 208.5, 211.5, 214.5, 217.5, 220.5, 223.5, 226.5, 229.5, 232.5, 235.5, 238.5],
"probabilities": [0.00482838499944466, 0.00832934578733181, 0.0112952500492109, 0.0173774790108894, 0.0232006658974883, 0.0258422772579257, 0.0278986695293033, 0.0295289411585088, 0.0306833716679902, 0.0318318597751272, 0.0337834568516467, 0.0339921053872795, 0.0344439315108449, 0.033934432265521, 0.032462878943956, 0.031189466255733, 0.0308771801297135, 0.028870440122745, 0.0268081450723193, 0.0255858806436071, 0.0251329374896422, 0.0228478370318916, 0.0204321414255458, 0.0198885290723185, 0.018227461808914, 0.0175834655975716, 0.0162564776853142, 0.0157731201439098, 0.0152929182194243, 0.0150019091787104, 0.0149289099733278, 0.0141896849640091, 0.0139276040018639, 0.0134566451556076, 0.0121362548659773, 0.0108558348756676, 0.010613387912742, 0.010091436302254, 0.0098485635160309, 0.00934441306894098, 0.0085581357559821, 0.00679765980394746, 0.00693786098620408, 0.00696322949112243, 0.0070065216834756, 0.00642780104088309, 0.0064321559380608, 0.00656481702666307, 0.0062031359060876, 0.00687959185242292, 0.00510183619524203, 0.00519749642756681, 0.00498195289503402, 0.00463848039694862, 0.00446827225938831, 0.00434243838506282, 0.00454705086043589, 0.0045914966088052, 0.00451510979961212, 0.00443992782954235, 0.00329590488378491, 0.00349426470729333, 0.00329078051712042, 0.00323849270094039, 0.00302968185434419, 0.00294213735024183, 0.00335510797297302, 0.00328341117067163, 0.00329874147186505, 0.00306305447627786, 0.00262071902879654, 0.00274925007756808, 0.00246374710845232, 0.00262910011008071, 0.00248819809733968, 0.00211124548886266, 0.00204178897873852, 0.00208550762922333, 0.00204890779502054, 0.00228129283166782]
};
var watch = {
"prices": [25, 75, 125, 175, 225, 275, 325, 375, 425, 475, 525, 575, 625, 675, 725, 775, 825, 875, 925, 975, 1025, 1075, 1125, 1175, 1225, 1275, 1325, 1375, 1425, 1475, 1525, 1575, 1625, 1675, 1725, 1775, 1825, 1875, 1925, 1975, 2025, 2075, 2125, 2175, 2225, 2275, 2325, 2375, 2425, 2475, 2525, 2575, 2625, 2675, 2725, 2775, 2825, 2875, 2925, 2975],
"probabilities": [0.040844560268751, 0.0587099798246933, 0.0656194599591356, 0.0667642412698035, 0.0615953803048016, 0.0510809063784378, 0.0467203673419258, 0.0446735950187136, 0.040047421916613, 0.0350583957334483, 0.0297508215717606, 0.0256829651118227, 0.024135920250668, 0.0228891907259206, 0.021706684520276, 0.0186449440066946, 0.0187249266247728, 0.0179250744798993, 0.0173698811746238, 0.0165581725818319, 0.0160745066032247, 0.0127927305129066, 0.0113730680265067, 0.0109485307623827, 0.00923468422650943, 0.00899007751887508, 0.00880520147998275, 0.00838023585866885, 0.00841052411004918, 0.00828830635037619, 0.00834008093757411, 0.00750681534099784, 0.00724072133740109, 0.00717291664158004, 0.00682823777708754, 0.00646995193940331, 0.00697139732982518, 0.00711846547272734, 0.00698781312802354, 0.00732316558583701, 0.00594973158122097, 0.00557461443747403, 0.00541637601910211, 0.00518850469148531, 0.00572025848989677, 0.0051443557601358, 0.00510282169734075, 0.00493720252580643, 0.00560198932991028, 0.00519158715054485, 0.00473398797752786, 0.00540907722833213, 0.00494653421540979, 0.00495500420164643, 0.00494083025189895, 0.00481566268206312, 0.00442965937328148, 0.00441189688100535, 0.00415116538135834, 0.00361842012002631]
};
var data = {
"coffee maker": coffee,
"headphones": headphones,
"laptop": laptop,
"sweater": sweater,
"watch": watch
};
///
var prior = function(item) {
// midpoint of bin shown to participants
var prices = data[item].prices;
// average responses from participants, normalizing by item
var probabilities = data[item].probabilities;
return function() {
return prices[discrete(probabilities)];
};
}
vizPrint(
{
"coffee_maker": Enumerate(prior("coffee maker")),
"headphones": Enumerate(prior("headphones")),
"laptop": Enumerate(prior("laptop")),
"sweater": Enumerate(prior("sweater")),
"watch": Enumerate(prior("watch")),
});
References: